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WrjJ.IAM J. CROMJPJ 
Instructor in Gymnastics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. 




Spalding " Red Cover" Series of 
Athletic Handbooks No. 67R 




EXERCISES 
ON THE 

SIDE HORSE 

By 

WILLIAM J. CROMIE 

Instructor in Gymnastics 

University of Pennsylvania 

M 




PUBLISHED BY 

:an sports publishing H 

COMPANY rp In 

ARREN Street, New York j — * '— * • — 

5nn 



01 



Copyright. 1916 

BY 

A.MERICAM Sports Publishing Company 
New York 




SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY, 



FOREWORD. 



i 



THE side horse is one of the best pieces of appar- 
atus found in our gymnasia. Horse work is also 
one of the most difficult forms of exercise, as it re- 
quires an almost perfect balance, a shifting the weight 
of the body in various directions, and a high form 
of co-ordination. 

The elementary exercises, except the vault, are 
not taken up in this book, but the more advanced 
work is shown. Many writers have illustrated the 
simple work, but there are none, to the writer's 
knowledge, who have photographic illustrations 
showing circles and advanced exercises upon the side 
horse. Two or more persons posed in these illustra- 
tions in order to show the successive parts of the 
exercise. 

It is very important to have good form upon the 
horse, as the tendency is to *'hump" the back and 
contract the chest. Keep the chest well expanded 
and do not ''hump.'' One should also use a sus- 
pended piece of apparatus, such as the horizontal bar 
or rings, in connection with the horse, and thus coun- 
teract the tendency of "humping." 

All the photographs in this book have been taken 
by Haeseler, photographer, Philadelphia. 

WILLIAM J. CROMIE. 



SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. 5 

Figure 1. 

Feint. 

In the first illustration there are three types of 
the Spalding Side Horse, or "Vaulting Horse." The 
one on the left, with the raised end, is the kind used 
by gymnastic teams; on the right is the old-fashioned 
kind, with oblique legs, and the center one was con- 
structed for the University of Pennsylvania Gym- 
nasium. This specially designed horse fits in a 
socket in the floor and can be readily removed for 
games or free work. In squad work in large classes, 
in the University of Pennsylvania Gymnasium, four 
sets of apparatus are used at one time, each set con- 
sisting of six pieces. Two views of this gymnasium 
are shown in latter part of this book. 

In order to understand the exercises upon the side 
horse more readily, it is well to know its various 
parts, used in describing many of the exercises con- 
tained in this book. 

Description of horse on left of illustration, from 
the position of the gymnast: The raised handles 
which he is grasping are called pommels, and are 
designated as left (or neck) pommel and right (or 
croup) pommel, the space between them is the sad- 
dle. The space between the left pommel and left end 
is the neck, and the space between the right pommel 
and right end is the croup. From the position of the 
gymnast the long axis corresponds to the length of the 
horse, and the short axis to a line drawn from the 
near side (against which he is resting) to the far side. 

Front Feint ivith Right Leg, 

From Position 1, front feint with right leg (Posi- 
tion 2); return to starting position (1 or 3). 



SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARST. 



Figure 2. 
Front, Double Feint Right. 

From Position 1, front rest, perform a double 
feint to the right (Position 2) , and return to front 
rest as in Position 3. 

A feint is a movement similar to the half circle. 
The leg is circled about the arm of the same side, but, 
instead of passing under the hand, is immediately 
returned to its starting position. It is used as a pre- 
liminary to other movements and the leg is swung as 
nearly as possible in the lateral plane. 

A feint can be performed from a front (Figure 2, 
Position 1) or back rest (Figure 10, Position 1), right 
or left, with one or both legs. 



SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. 



Figure 3. 

Circles. 

R. % Left. — From front rest (Position 1) perform a 
% circle to the left with right leg, by abducting right 
leg as in Position 2 ; release grasp of right hand and 
pass leg under hand to Position 3. 

Left % circle right is the same exercise performed 
with left leg. 

The above are not performed in competition, as 
they are too simple, but one should practice at these 
in order to work up to the more difficult ones. 



SP 



ATDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. 11 



Figure 4. 
Circles. 

Double % Left —From front rest (Position 1) per- 
form a double h left circle by raising both legs as in 
Position 2; release grasp of right hand momentarily, 
pass legs over pommel to back rest (Position 3). 

Double % right circle is performed on the opposite 
side of the horse. 

From the back rest (see Position 3) : 

Double h right; both legs % circle backward be- 
neath right hand (Position 2) to front rest. 

Double % left; both legs % circle backward beneath 
left hand to front rest. 

Combinations.— Double % left, double % right; 
double h right, double h left ; double % right, double 
% right ; double % left, double % left. 







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SPALDiNG'3 ATHLETIC LIBRARY. 13 



Figure 5. 
L. % Left. 

From front rest (Position 1) perform a % left circle 
by raising left leg as in Position 2; release grasp of 
right pommel, pass leg underneath hand to Position 3. 

Right % right is performed as above, with the 
right leg in opposite direction. 

Most exercises upon the horse call for a fine sense 
of balance. One must be able to shift the weight of 
the body from one hand to the other easily and in 
good form. The chest should be held high, chin in 
toward the chest, legs straight and toes pointed. 

The abbreviations for circles in this book will be 
as follows: 

The capital R. is right leg; L., left leg; right or 
left written out is the direction; double R. or L. is a 
circle with both legs right or left. 



SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRART. 15 



Figure 6. 

Circles. 

R. Left.—K R. left circle is a complete circle with 
the right leg to the left. 

From front rest (Figure 6, Position 1), abduct 
right leg as in Position 1; release grasp of right hand; 
shift weight to left hand; pass leg beneath right hand 
and regrasp; continue circle of leg as in Position 2; 
release grasp of left hand; shift weight to right hand; 
continue circle of leg beneath left hand to Position 3. 

A L. right circle is performed as explained above, 
with left leg circling to the right. 

Perform a R. left then a L. right. 



SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. 17 



Figure 7. 
Circles. 

L. Left— A L. left is a full circle with left leg to 
left. 

From front rest (Figure 5, Position 1), raise left 
leg as in Position 1; pass right hand circling to left as 
in Position 2; pass left hand as in Position 3; return- 
ing left leg to the starting position. 

A R. right leg circle is performed as described 
above, with the right leg making a complete circle to 
the right. 

Combine Figures 6 and 7: R. left. L. right; L. left, 
R. right. 



SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. 



19 



Figure P. 
Circles. 

Double L.—A double left is a circle of both legs to 
the left. 

From front rest begin circle to left as in Position 1; 
release grasp of right hand, continue circle as in 
Position 2; release grasp of left hand till legs pass left 
pommel, and finish at starting point (Position 3) . 

A double R. is a full circle of both legs to the 
right. A continuous double R. or double L. is a num- 
ber of circles performed in the direction indicated 
without a pause at the starting position. 

Practice four or five double R. or double L. in suc- 
cession. When one can master this exercise he need 
fear no circles on the horse. 

Combinations,— Figures 6, 7 and 8. 



SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. 21 

Figure 9. 
Circles. 

Back Rest; R. Right.— K R. right from back rest 
is a full circle to the right with the right leg. 

From a back rest (Position 3) , abduct right thigh 
as in Position 1; release grasp of right hand, circle 
leg under left hand, and finish as in Position 3. 

The circles described under Figures 6, 7 and 8 can 
be performed in the back rest position. 

R. left— A full circle to the left with right leg. 

L. right— A full circle to the right with left leg. 

L. left— A full circle to the left with left leg (op- 
posite of Figure 9). 

R. right — A full circle to the right with right leg. 

DoubleR. — A full circle to the right with both 
legs. 

Double L.— A full circle to the left with both legs. 

In performing a R. left or a L. right, swing both 
legs to right or left till they meet and begin the cir- 
cle (on the L. right bring both legs as in Position 1); 
in fact, this shifting of weight is necessary for 
smooth, rhythmic work. 



SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. 



Figure 10. 
Front Half Screiv Circle, 

A screw circle is a leg circle from a front or back 
rest, or from any of the riding seats, coming to either 
a riding position or immediately dismounting, accom- 
panied by a quarter, half, three-quarter or full turn 
of the body. During these circles the performer 
travels from one part to or over another part of the 
horse. 

From a back rest (Position 1), perform a half 
front screw circle (Position 2) to a cross riding seat 
(Position 3). (For side riding seat see Position 3, 
Figure 6o) 



SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. 25 



Figure 11. 
Back Half Scretv Circle , 

From a front rest (Position 1), perform a half 
front screw circle (Position 2) to a cross riding seat 
(Position 3). 

These exercises are merely suggestions, and the 
performer can work up his combinations (which are 
innumerable) from these circles, scissors and vaults. 



SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. 27 



Figure 12. 
Front Full Screiv Circle. 

From back rest (Position 1), begin a full screw 
circle by releasing grasp of right hand; rest weight 
on left thigh (Position 2) against saddle, turn body 
and circle right leg as in Position 3; continue circle to 
the left with right leg without a pause to Position 4. 
The person in Position 4 should be grasping the right 
pommel in left hand, and the right hand should be on 
the right end of the horse. 

The full screw mount can be performed backward 
from a front rest. Both front and back are done to 
either right or left. 

Begin an exercise with a feint, followed by a 
screw circle, and combine Figures 6 to 9, ending with 
a triple vault. 



SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. 29 



Figure 13. 



From a cross riding seat (Position 1), front scis- 
sors by a simultaneous abduction of both thighs past 
the median line of the body (Position 2), accompanied 
by a half turn of the body, finishing in a cross riding 
seat (Position 3). The man in Position 2 should be 
higher in the air. 

Back Scissors.— From cross riding seat (Position 
3) swing, keeping legs abducted, and finish as in 
Position 1, 



SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. 31 



Figure 14. 
Scisso7's Dismount, 

From a cross riding seat (Position 1), a back scis- 
sors dismount is accomplished by swinging legs and 
turning body as in Position 2, landing on the floor as 
in Position 3. The same can be performed with turns 
between Position 2 and Position 3. 

The front scissors dismount is performed by a 
cross riding seat facing in (Figure 13, Position 1), and 
scissors off to mat, facing the opposite of Position 3 
in Figure 14. The legs of Position 2 should be higher 
in the air. 



SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. 



Figure 15. 
Scissors Without Turn of Body. 

From the side riding seat, or rest (Position 1), 
swing as in Position 2; release grasp of left hand and 
change position of legs by crossing them simultane- 
ously. In the starting position the right leg is on the 
far side of the horse, and after the change (Position 3), 
the left is on the far side. To perform the scissors 
on the right, swing from Position 3 to the right; 
change position of legs, coming to Position 1 again. 

Make the scissors continuous, first to the left, then 
to the right. This can be used in many combinations. 

Rest Astride the Right or Left Arm. —The rest 
astride the right or left arm, legs further front than 
in figure (Position 2), can be used in a number of 
combinations and is an excellent movement to practice. 




n ^ 



SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. 85 



Figure 16. 
The Needle. 

From a stand with reversed grasp of left hand, 
needle mount left by flexing left thigh and leg; pass- 
ing it forward over the croup around the left arm and 
over the saddle, swinging the right leg at the same 
time over the neck to the far side (Position 2), and 
finish by alighting in a riding seat in saddle (Position 3). 

This may be performed on the other side. It is 
used in starting: combinations. 



SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. 37 



Figure 17. 
Flank Vault. 

From Position 1 flank vault as in Position 2, 
alighting as in Position 3. 

In a flank vault the body is raised sideways to a 
horizontal position, the side of the body being toward 
the horse when passing over it. i^osition 2 is a low 
flank vault to the left. The flank front and rear 
vaults, thougii simple, are necessary here in order to 
show the various ways of dismounting in combination 
work. A high flank vault, where the body is on a 
horizontal, is very pretty and exercise requires much 
practice to master. 



SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY, 



Figure 18. 
Front Vault. 

Perform a front vault left by starting from a 
stand (Position 1), and as the body is raised side- 
ways make a quarter turn toward the horse in the 
rise, the front of the body being toward the horse 
while passing over it (Position 2), and alighting as in 
Position 3. The left hand is about to be released in 
Position 2. The same may be done at right side of 
horse. 

The beginner will experience no confusion con- 
cerning vaults if he remembers that in the flank it is 
the side; front, the front; and rear, the back part of 
the body that is toward the horse while passing over it. 



SPALDlNci S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. 



Figure 19. 

Rear Vault. 

Commence a single rear vault left from stand 
(Position 1), and as body is raised sideways make a 
quarter turn left away from the horse, the thighs 
being half flexed at the same time, the back of the 
thighs being toward the horse while passing over it 
(Position 2), dismount as in Position 3. The same 
may be performed to the right. 



SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. 4* 



Figure 20. 
Double Rear Vault. 

From stand (Position 1) double rear vault left by 
swinging around croup to Position 2, Figure 21, and 
continue to Position 2, Figure 20; alight as in Posi- 
tion 3. The same can be performed to the right. 

A double rear vault may be executed twice over 
one part of the horse or once each over tw3 parts* 
before dismounting. 

The legs in Position 2 should be higher. 



SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. 45 



Figure 21. 
Tr i pie Rear Vault. 

A triple vault is executed three times over one or 
more parts before dismounting. 

From Position 1 vault around croup to Position 2, 
still turning to the left; go to Position 3, then Posi- 
tion 4, dismounting as in Position 5. The legs of 
Positions 2, 3 and 4 should be higher. 

In the (so-called) quadruple rear vault one extra 
turn of the body is made, alighting on other side of 
horse facing in the opposite direction of Position 5, 
Figure 21. 



Bill-, SUn 

—I r— I j — ' Spalding " Red Cover ' Series of * — i i— j j — 
_ I I Athletic Handbooks No. 67R I . " 

EXERCISES 

ON THE 

FLYING RINGS 

By 

WILLIAM J. CROMIE 

Instructor in Gymnastics ^ 

University of Pennsylvania 



PUBLISHED BY 



f] AMERICAN SPORTS PUBLISHING H 

5nL COMPANY JnP 

Tl! Z-i ZD 21 Warren Street, New York r~Z — I 

D n r^ ^ n D 



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FOREWORD. 

THE rings are an excellent mode of development, 
especially for the upper part of the body. In fact, 
work upon the rings (to the exclusion of other 
pieces of apparatus) tends to develop the muscles of 
arms, back and chest abnormally. To counteract this 
tendency, one should work upon the parallels and 
horse, and practice ground tumbling. Typical ring 
exercises develop such physical qualities as strength, 
equilibrium and grace, but call for little or no agility, 
and, for this reason, ground tumbling should be given 
a prominent part in one's gymnastic regimen. 

The writer would rather see a gymnast upon the 
horizontal, parallels, horse, trapeze or rings, of medi- 
ocre ability with a symmetrical physical development 
than a marvelous "stunt" performer on any or all of 
these pieces who is all chest and shoulders. If work 
upon the heavy apparatus produces deformity of 
the upper part of the body, and fails to develop the 
lower part, then either the gymnast has been improp- 
erly trained or the apparatus is at fault. To prove 
that gymnasts may secure a symmetrical development 
with proper coaching the writer desires to direct 
attention to the poses on opposite page, showing illus- 
trations of the coach and members of the University 
of Pennsylvania gymnastic team. 

The writer desires to thank the members of the 
gymmastic team of the University of Pennsylvania 
who posed for the illustrations in connection with the 
rings^ and Haeseler, photographer, who took the 
photographs. 

WILLIAM J. CROMIE. 



SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. 



Fl .URE 1. 

Ordinary hang on rings, * 'false grip" (Figure 3, 
Position 1); keep rings close to body, pull up as in 
Figure 1, Position 1. It is at this point where a good, 
strong pull is needed. Lean forward with head and 
shoulders, turn rings outward, give a sharp pull, then 
begin to push till Position 2 is reached. In getting a 
false grip, place the hands on the rings so that the 
weight of the body will fall upon the little fingers. 
(See Figure 3, Position 1). 

This is one of the first exercises that one should be 
able to do with ease in order to practice advanced 
work upon the rings. 





Position 1. 



Figure 2. 



Position 2. 



SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. 



Figure 2. 

From Position 1 pull up and roll forward as in 
Position 2. A number of these in succession look 
well, especially if done easily and in good form. 

This exercise can also be done while swinging. 

In all ring exercises, keep the chest well thrown 
out, legs straight, together, and toes pointed. 




Position 1. 



Position 2. 

Figure 3. 



Position 3. 



SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. 55 



Figure 3. 
Up sta r t . 

From Position 1 turn body over as in Position 2, 
throw chest out sharply, pull with hands, snap legs 
downward, and upstart to Position 3 (false grip). 

From Position 1 swing forward and, at end of 
front swing (Figure 2, Position 1), upstart. 

Uprise. 

From Position 1 swing and, at end of back swing, 
without bending as in Position 2, uprise or **pull in" 
to Position 3. The arms should be kept straight in 
this exercise. 




Position -2. 

Figure 4. 



Position 3. 



SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. 



Figure 4. 

Circle into Rest. 

From Position 1, Figure 2, turn over to an inverted 
hang (Position 1, Figure 4), pull up as in Position 2, 
keeping rings close to body, false grip; turn rings out- 
ward and circle to Position 3. 

This can also be performed while swinging. 

From Position 2 one can get the ' 'planche above 
rings/' or lever above rings, by circling slowly; lean 
forward with the head and shoulders, stiffen legs in 
the rear, keep hands at hips (Figure 11), and the feat 
is accomplished. 



SPALDINCx'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. 59 

Figure 5. 
The Dislocation. 

The backward dislocation is somewhat similar to 
Circling- over, performed quickly and without releas- 
ing grasp of hands. It should be practised first with- 
out a swing. Some really think the shoulders are 
being dislocated, but this is because the arms are not 
bent. In the swing, turn the body over between the 
hands, keep legs stiff until nearly at end of back 
swing (Position 1); now shoot the legs over the head, 
reversing the position of the body (Position 2); turn 
rings outward and spread arms. 

This backward dislocation can be performed at 
end of forward and backward swings. The triple 
dislocation is performed consecutively, one at the 
front, center and back of swing. This requires good 
judgment going through the ropes at the proper time. 

The forward dislocation (see Figure 2) consists in 
going through the ropes head first, instead of feet 
passing over head with arms bent. These move- 
ments can be alternated. 




Figure 6. 



SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. 61 



Figure 6. 
Backward Cut Off. 

The backward cut off, or straddle, should be prac- 
tised standing before attempting it on the swing. In 
circling backwards keep head back, which will bring 
one upon the feet. Practice going through the mo- 
tion without releasing hands, bringing the thighs 
down against the forearms sharply. 

Take one or two steps and, at the end of front 
swing, turn backward, straddling hands as in figure. 
Release grasp, throw head backward and dismount. 

The backward cut off can be performed at end of 
backward swing, but is more difficult than at end of 
front swing. 



71 



Figure 7. 



SPAIvDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. 



Figure 7. 
Forward Cut Off and Catch. 

Take a short swing, turn over backward as in 
Figure 5, Position 1. At end of backward swing 
bring legs quickly down upon the wrists (see Figure 
7) ; cut off and regrasp rings. The legs should be 
brought down with sufficient force to bring the head 
between the rings. At this point the cut off is made. 
This movement can also be performed at the end of 
the forward swing (see Figure 8), also at the forward 
and backward ends in a swing (Figures 7 and 8) . 

Practice this exercise while standing before at- 
tempting it swinging. One may not be able to re- 
grasp again while stationary but will get the idea of 
the cut. 




Figure 8. 



SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. 65 



Figure 8. 
Fortvard Cut and Catch, 

End of Forward Swing. 

This is the same as the preceding exercise, except- 
ing that it is done at the end of the forward swing. 
A very pretty combination is an uprise at the end of a 
back swing (see under Figure 3), suddenly go through 
the ropes head first with bent arms, simultaneously 
open legs and perform the cut and catch. 

From a swinging rest, this movement can also be 
performed at the end of front swing, but is very 
difficult. 

From the hang, grasp rings, jump to Position 2, 
Figure 2, open legs and front cut off. This is excel- 
lent practice for the swinging movement described 
above. 




Figure 9. 



SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. 67 

Figure 9. 
Back Flyaway, 

At End of Front Swing. 

The backaway, or back flyaway, is dangerous un- 
less assistance is secured. One may practice this 
without lungers if he turns over as in figure and then 
releases his grasp. He is then almost over, and in 
succeeding trials he can turn over each time nearer 
the horizontal position till he gets the flyaway. The 
position of the body, when properly performed and 
when the grasp is released at the end of the front 
swing, should be as in Figure 13. 

Thv^ back flyaway makes a very pretty dismount if 
done in the hollow back position (Figure 13). 

At End of Back Swing, 

Take a swing about ten feet in height and, when 
at the front, hold the legs forward, keeping them 
stiff from the waist. When returning from the front 
swing, bring the legs backwards, bending from the 
waist only; the return swing of the body will put one 
in the correct position for the back somersault or 
ilyaway. 



SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. 



Figure 10. 

Front Flyaivay, 

At End of Back Siving. 
In attempting the front flyaway one should wear 
the lungers, with an assistant holding the end of each 
rope to prevent accident. When in the position of 
Figure 10, release the grasp, double up the body, and 
endeavor to catch the ankles. This gives the requi- 
site turn to the body, making a forward somersault 
in the air and bringing one on his feet. If the ropes 
holding the rings are of sufficient length, one can 
eventually work up to the hollow back style of per- 
forming the front flyaway. 

At End of Front Swing. 
The front flyaway can also be performed at the 
end of the front swing, but requires a great deal of 
caution while learning it. In all the somersaults in 
the air, have plenty of mats and assistance while 
learning to turn. 



SPALDJNQ'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. 71 



Figure 11. 
Lever above Rings. 

The lever above rings, which is sometimes called 
the ''planche above rings," is a development of the 
circle into rest (Figure 4). To hold the lever easily, 
the rings should be parallel with the body. 

From the position of Figure 11, push up to a 
shoulder balance or hand balance, or lower body to 
Figure 12. 




ID 
O 



SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. 



73 



Figure 12. 
Back Lever. 

From an ordinary hang, turn over backwards, 
extend legs and straighten body as in figure. The 
closer the rings, the easier it is to hold this lever. 
The hands being held close together, assist the arms 
in getting a good hold upon the shoulder blades. 

Combinations.— Figure 1 to Figure 17, push up to 
Figure 19, lower to Figure 18, then Figure 11 to 
Figure 12, then finish with Figure 16. 




CO 

o 



SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. 75 



Figure 13. 
Front Lever. 

The front lever, or planche, is the most difficult of 
any, on account of the position in relation to the 
muscles that must hold the weight of the body. 

From the ordinary hang (Figure 3, Position 1) turn 
over backward to mat, keeping the back arched as in 
Figure 13. This is excellent practice. 

When practising the front lever, bend the arms at 
first in order to prevent fatigue and swinging. The 
hands should be over center of gravity of the body. 
The illustration shows the way most gymnasts per- 
form the feat. The back is arched too much and the 
head and feet are not quite in a straight line. 

From an inverted hang (Figure 4, Position 1), 
slowly lower body to front lever. 



SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. 



Figure 14. 
Side Lever. Arm Rear, 

From an ordinary hang turn over to an inverted 
hang (Figure 4, Position 1) . Bend the right arm, and 
bring body in hollow back style across the forearm, 
resting the waist against the wrist. Keep the arms 
bent, or the weight of the body falling on the shoul- 
ders will cause pain. When the body is in a horizontal 
position, release the grasp of the left hand and extend 
the arm as in figure. 

The gymnast who posed for Figure 15 did so for 
the first time, and consequently did not do justice to 
the exercise. The body in figure should be horizontal, 
the left arm and leg in a horizontal line. 



SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. 79 

Figure 15. 
Side Lever, Arm Front. 

In Figure 15 the body should not be bent at the 
waist, and the right arm should be bent as in Fig- 
ure 14. 

The side lever, arm front, is performed by grasp- 
ing the rope of the right hand ring with the left 
hand. Bring the upper part of the body over and 
past the right hand till the waist is opposite the fore- 
arm, lean the weight of the body upon it and extend 
the left arm as in figure. The inclination is to 
double up, as in figure, but it must be resisted. A 
little bend can be used to advantage, but too much 
spoils the look of the exercise. 

In both Figures 14 and 15 bend the elbow and 
extend forearm across back or abdomen and see that 
the hand is at the center of gravity. 




O 



SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. 



Figure 16. 
One Arm Back Lever, 

The roll into the one arm back lever is a feat that 
requires strength and perseverance. Commence by 
pulling up the body by one arm to a bent arm rest 
position (see Figure 2, Position 1), and with a sudden 
movement bring the right shoulder forward, at the 
same time stiffening out the body horizontally (see 
Figure 16) and extend the left arm. 

Another way is to turn over backward, holding 
with the right hand only, as in Figure 3, Position 2. 
When the legs are past the right hand, keep waist 
close to the hand and shoot the legs out suddenly as 
in Figure 16. 

The easiest way to get the exercise is to perform 
Figure 12, then Figure 14, and then Figure 16. 
Bring the arm well under the shoulder-blades as in 
Figure 16. 




Figure 17. 



SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. 



Figure 17. 

Shoulder Balance. 

From a hang, pull up to a front rest and shoulder 
balance. One should practice upon the floor or lower 
parallels in order to master this movement before 
attempting it on the rings. In learning it, place the 
feet against the ropes till accustomed to the inverted 
position. 




Figure 18. 



SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBBAEY. 85 



Figure 18. 

Hand Balance, 

From the shoulder stand (Figure 17) push up as in 
figure. The hard part of the push is in leaving the 
shoulder balance, and requires well-developed triceps. 
From Figure 18 to Figure 19, the proper way the 
hand balance should be performed, is comparatively 
easy. 




Figure 19. 



SPAJLDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. 87 



Figure 19. 

Hand Balance, 

The best way to get a hand balance is by repeated 
trials of pushing up (Figures 17 to 18, then 19), 
either from the shoulder balance or by circling into 
rest and pushing up (Figure 4). The hand balance 
upon the rings is the most difficult of any gymnastic 
piece of apparatus except the trapeze, and should 
therefore be the ambition of every advanced gym- 
nast to attain. 




Figure 20. 



SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. ^9 



Figure 20. 

Swinging Hand Balance. 

The swinging hand balance is a feat of the first 
water, especially if one circles into the balance at the 
end of the back swing. If one is well up in Figures 
17 and 19, he can then swing in the hang, circle into 
rest (Figure 4). Do not allow the legs to come down, 
but by a quick movement of the legs shoot further up- 
wards, high up between the ropes. This, assisted 
by a good pull with the arms, will bring one into 
Position 17, and another push to Figure 20. This 
must be done rapidly and before the end of each 
swing. 




Figure 21. 



SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. 91 



Figure 21. 

The Cross. 



"The Cross," sometimes called the ''iron arm," is 
very difficult and requires considerable practice. It 
takes a great deal of strength and plenty of skill to 
perform it properly. Bring the arms slightly to the 
front, putting the weight upon the biceps, or front, 
rather than the triceps, or back muscles of the upper 



arm. 




Figure 22, 



SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. 



Figure 22. 

Inverted Cross, 

A good exercise to close this article on the rings is 
the inverted cross. It is more difficult than the pre- 
ceding exercise. From Figure 19 sink slowly to the 
inverted cross (see Figure 22) . 

From Figure 22 return to Figure 19. If one 
descends much below that in Figure 22 he will be un- 
able to return to Figure 19. 




^^1 



SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARlf. 



In every gymnasium wherein advanced work is 
done upon the horizontal, high parallels, rings and 
trapeze, a pair of low parallel bars should be acces- 
ible, in order that the aspiring gymnast may practice 
the hand balance, changing from one grasp to another, 
and the pirouette. There is no danger from falling 
at this height and it also accustoms one to the in- 
verted position of the body. 

Caution.— In all exercises involving risk, seek 
assistance. 



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A THLETIC UNIFORMS aiffer in construction from ordinary 
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Those who wear them have told us they are durable and 
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Efficient Gymnasium Apparatus 





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Patented January 2, 1912. 
All adjustments take place from one point and that the most convenient. 
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To raise or lower the Horse or 
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See next page for complete description, 
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VAULTING BUCK No. 305 

Patented January 2, 1912. 

The power is transmitted through bevel gears by a one piece shaft drive that 
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Patented U. S„ January 2, 1912; Patented Canada, April 13. 1912. 

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# 




GALLERY HORIZONTAL AND VAULTING BAR No. 560 

Similar in general construction to No. 554 Bar shown on preceding page, but 
is provided w^ith a counterbalance weight so that the entire apparatus may be 
quickly and easily cleared from the floor. 

Uprights of brass covered steel tubing -with our patented interior height indications. 
Bars of either Steel-Core Hickory or Solid Steel, with patented "quick-set 
safety" caps. 

PRICES ON APPUCATION 

A. G. SPALDING & BROS., Inc. 

CHICOPEE, MASS. 




Spalding 
Efficient Gymnasium Apparatus 




-^ ^jkmamJ' 



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HORIZONTAL AND VAULTING BAR No. 554 

One upright permanently attached to wall, the other guyed by steel cables 
with instantaneous turnbuckles. 

Folds so compactly it may be attached to posts or columns. 

Uprights of brass covered steel tubing with our patented interior height 
indications. 

Bars of either Steel-Core Hickory or Solid-Steel, with patented " quick-set 
safety caps, PRICES ON APPUCATION 

A. G. SPALDING & BROS., Inc. 

CHICOPEE, MASS. 




SIX-GUYED HIGH HORIZONTAL BAR 

No. 586 

Especially adapted to high ceilings. May be quickly hoisted to ceiling by 
releasing instantaneous turnbuckles on floor guys. 

PRICES ON APPUCATION 

A. G. SPALDING & BROS., Inc. 

CHICOPEE, MASS. 



STANDARD QUALITY 

Aa article that ia unnrersally given tK« appellation "Standard" ia thereby concedeii to be the Criterion, to which •!« 
csmpared all other things of a similar nature. For instance, the Gold Dollar of the United Sute» i» the Standard unit 
oi currency, because it must legally contain a specific proportion of pure gold, and the fact of its being Cenaine ia 
gmaranleed by the Government Stamp thereon- As a protection to the users of this currency against counnrfeiting and 
other tricks, considerable money is expended in maintaining a Secret Service Bureau of Experts. Under the law, citizen 
manufacturers must depend to a great extent upon Trade-Marks and similar devices to protect themaelvea againat coun* 
terfeit products — without the aid of "Government Detectives'" or "Public Opinion " to assist them. 

Qjnsequently the "Consumers Protection " against misrepresentation and "inferior quality" Ksts entirely upon the 
integrity and responsibility of the "Manufacturer." 

A. G. Spalding & Bros, have, by their rigorous attention to "Quality," for forty years, caused their Trade-Maric to 
become known throughout the world as a Guarantee of Quality as dependable m their field as the U. S. Currency is in its field. 

The necessity of upholding the guarantee of the Spalding Trade-Marie and maintaining the Standard Quality of their 
Athledc Goods, is, therefore, as obvious as is the necessity of the Government m maintaining a Standard Currency. 

Thus each consumer is not only insuring himself but also protecting other consumers when he assists a Reliable 
Vlanufacturer in upholding his Trade- Mark and all that it stands for. Therefore, we urge all users of our Athletic 
Goods to assist us in maintaining the Spalding Standard of Excellence, by insisting that our Trade-Mark be plainly 
stamped on all athletic goods which they buy, because without this precaufion our best effort* towards' maintaining 
Standard Quality and preventing fraudulent substitution will be ineffectual 

Manufacturers of Standard Articles invariably suffer the reputanon of being high-priced, and this sentiment i* foatered 
and emphasized by makers of "inferior goods," vrith whom low prices are the main consideration. 

A manufacturer of recognized Standard Goods, with a reputation to uphold and a guarantee to protect, muat neces. 
sarily have higher prices than a manufacturer of cheap goods, whose idea of and basis of a claim for Standard Quality 
depends principally upon the eloquence of the salesman. 

We know from experience that there is no quicksand more 
than poverty in quality— •aad we avoid thia quicksand by Standard ' 



iQSitSr. w^^^^^^'^.^^f^^ 



STANDARD POLICY 

A Standard Quality must b« inseparably linked to a Standard Policy. 

Without a definite and Standard Mercanrile Policy, it is impossible for a Manufacturer to long maintam a Standard QoaKty 

To market his goods through the jobber, a manufacturer must provide a profit for the jobber as well aa for the retail 
dealer. To meet these conditions of Dual Profits, the manufacturer is obliged to set a proportionately high list price oa 
hia goods to the consumer. 

To enable the glib salesman, when booking his orders, to figure out attractive profiu to both the jobber and retailer, 
these^igh list prices are absolutely essential ; but their real purpose will have been served when the manufacturer has 
secured hia order from the jobber, and the jobber has secured his order from the retailer. 

However, these deceptive high list prices are not fztir to the consumer, who does not, and, in reality, is ant ever 
expected to pay these fancy list prices. 

When the season opens for the sale of such goods, with their misleading but alluring high list pnces. the retailer 
begins to realize his responsibilities, and grapples with the situation aa best he can, by offering "special diacounts," which 
▼aiy with local trade conditions. 

Under this system of merchandising, the profits to both the manufacturer and the jobber are assured^ but aa there ia 
no stability maintained in the prices to the coiuumer, the keen competition amongst the local dealers invariably leada to a 
demoralized cutting of prices by which the profits of the retailer are practically eliminated. 

This demoralization always reacts on the manufacturer. The jobber insists on lower, and still lower, prices. The 
manufacrarer, in his turn, meets this demand for the lowering of prices by the only way open to him. viz.: the cheapening 
and degrading of the quality of his product. 

The foregoing condirions became so intolerable that,'l 7 years ago. in 1899. A. G. Spalding & Bros, deter - ' •' ' 

this demoralization in the Athletic Goods Trade, and inaugurated what has since become known as "The : 

The "Spalding Policy" eliminates the jobber entirely, so far as Spalding Goods are concerned, and -r 

secures the supply of Spalding Athletic Goods direct from the manufacturer by which the retail dealer ^ «*,... -t^ . >»•<•, 
legitimate and certain profit on all Spalding Athletic Goods, and the consumer is assured a Standard Quauty and la 
protected from imposidon. 

The "Spalding Policy" is deddedly for the interest and protectvon of the users of Athletic Goods, and acts in two ways: 

> OCEeial Standaitl Atliletie CtmSm. 

Bofideaea in arffc— '■» at iha n' uii« i' liaM. lh« T«ry bM( raw 
. da. w«a ahead at th«r reapeetive ■■■■■i. aad ifcis ^fn m to mm. 

_ An retail dealers handling Spalding Athletic Goods are requested (o supply consumers at our regular printed catalogue 
prices — neither more nor less — the same prices that similar goods are sold for in our New York. Chicago and other stores. 
AJI Spalding dealers, as well as users of Spalding Athletic Gooda. are treated ezactlr alike, and no special refaatea or 
discri min a ri ona are allowed to anyone. 

Thia, brieffy. ia the "Spalding Po&cy," which has already been in succeaaful operatioa (or the past 17 yearik anJ wA 
o« indefinitely continued. 

In other worda, "The Spalding Policy" is a "square deal" for everybody. 

A. C SPALDtNG «t 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 




ATHLETIC JL] Ym^ g.™..— .i.]in..^ 

hum 



and IS Official and Standard 
Price lOc^nts each 



GRAND PRIZE 




PARIS. 1900 



ST. LOUIS. 1904 W Jt^ A JU JLl 1 JN Vjr PARIS" 1900 

ATHLETIC GOODS 

ARE THE STANDARD OF THE WORLD 



A.G. Spalding ® Bros. 

MAINTAIN WHOLESALE and RETAIL STORES /n the FOLLOWING CITIES 

NEW YORK CHICAGO ST.LOULS 

BOSTON MILWAUKEE KANSAS CITY 

PHILADELPHIA DETROIT SAN FRANCISCO 

NEWARK CINCINNATI LOS ANGELES 

ALBANY CLEVELAND SEATTLE 

BUFFALO COLUMBUS SALT LAKE CITY 

SYRACUSE ROCHESTER INDIANAPOLIS PORTLAND 

BALTIMORE WASHINGTON PITTSBURGH Nl NNEAI 



LONDON. ENGLAND i 

LIVERPOOL. ENGLAND 

BIRMINGHAM. ENGLAND I 
MANCHESTER, ENGLAND 
BRISTOL. ENGLAND ) 
EDINBURGH. SCOTLAND 
GLASGOW. SCOTLAND 



ATLANTA ST. PAUL 

LOUISVILLE DENVER 
NEW ORLEANS DALLAS 
MONTREAL. CANADA 
TORONTO, CANADA 
) PARIS. FRANCE 

) SYDNEY. AUSTRALIA 



Trade -M^ 



d operoted by A.G.Spaldinp & Bros, and v^herc ell of Spalding's 



err made are I 



XEW YORK CHICAGO SABT FRANCrsCO CHICOPEE. MASS. 
BROOKLYN BOSTON PHIUWDELPHIA J4>NDON, ENG. 



